Authors:
Walter, S., Hinterwimmer, S.
Year / Status:
2026
Journal / Venue:
SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics
Abstract
Since Kaplan’s (1989) prohibition of so-called monsters, it has been widely assumedthat indexical expressions, such as “I”, “here”, or “tomorrow”, can receive shifted interpretations, i.e., non-speaker-oriented interpretations, only in direct discourse, but not in indirect discourse. However, subsequent work has challenged this view by showing certain perspective-dependent expressions can take their reference from the reported rather than the reporting context (Schlenker 2003; Anand & Nevins 2004; Deal 2017; Saure 2025), which has led to a surge in monstrous analyses of indexical shift. Building on this line of research, the present paper extends the empirical domain of perspective shift in indirect discourse to multimodal meaning. The results of a rating study reported in Walter & Hinterwimmer (2025) show that face emoji in indirect discourse can be interpreted from the perspective of the matrix subject rather than that of the author. We analyze this finding in terms of mixed quotation. We then extend this non-monstrous analysis to cases of shifted indexical adverbials in indirect discourse, thereby limiting our focus on languages that are normally argued to disallow indexical shift. We argue that this analysis is more suitable than a monstrous analysis of these findings because indexical shift in these languages must be licensed pragmatically. Therefore, an operator-based, monstrous analysis would be too strong.
